| In Gilbert and Sullivan's H.M.S. Pinafore, poor Little Buttercup laments that "Things are seldom what they seem!" For today's concert, the compositions played seldom are what they were! Grieg's Holberg Suite was first a piano suite, Vivaldi's was first a recorder concerto, and the Shostakovich Chamber Symphony is a musically inflated version of his String Quartet No. 8. Only the Mercadante concerto is what it was! |
| Holberg Suite (Aus Holberg's Zeit), Op.40 | Edvard Greig | |
| Prelude | 1843-1907 | |
| Sarabande | ||
| Gavotte und Musette | ||
| Air | ||
| Rigaudon | ||
| Flute Concerto in E minor, Op. 57 | Giuseppe Saverio Mercandante | |
| Allegro maestoso | 1795-1870 | |
| Largo | ||
| Rondo russo: Allegro vivace scherzando | ||
| Flute Concerto No. 2 in G minor, P. 342 "La Notte" | Antonio Vivaldi | |
| Largo | 1678-1741 | |
| Fantasmi: Presto | ||
| Largo | ||
| Presto | ||
| Il sonno: Largo | ||
| Allegro | ||
| Chamber Symphony, Op. 110a | Dmitri Shostakovich | |
| Largo | 1906-1975 | |
| Allegro molto | arr. Barshai | |
| Allegretto | ||
| Largo | ||
| Largo | ||
| Edvard Grieg (1843-1907) | Holberg Suite, Opus 40 |
One wonders if there is some artistic virus that thrives in the people of Bergen, Norway, for three Scandinavian giants of the arts were born there. The first was Ludvig Holberg (1684-1754) who would become one of Scandinavia’s great literary figures. Some years later came a mighty duo - Ole Bull (1810-1880), a violin virtuoso who toured in the United States to great success and then...Edvard Grieg. Musical fate would link the "baroque" Holberg to the "romantic" Grieg. Holberg had left his native Bergen as a young man to roam Europe in the early 18th century to ultimately reside in Copenhagen. He adopted Danish as his language and helped establish Danish literature, especially through his comedies which gained him the reputation as the "Moliere of the North." To honor Holberg in 1884, the 200th anniversary of his birth, the Bergen organizing committee turned to their newest "favorite son" to compose a musical tribute. (Grieg was already internationally known for his piano concerto and music for Ibsen’s Peer Gynt.) They wanted him to write a cantata to be sung in December at the time of the unveiling of a statue of Holberg in the Main Square of Bergen. Grieg accepted half-heartedly and, in October, wrote to friends that not only was he bored in composing the choral work, but afraid of the event itself. Having had poor health most of his life, Grieg feared having to conduct outdoors in cold December and predicted, though somewhat humorously, what might happen: I can see it now: snow, hail, storm, and thunder, a large male chorus with open mouths into which the rain pours, and me conducting with a rain coat, winter coat, galoshes, and umbrella! Then, of course, a cold or God knows what other kind of illness! Ah well, that is one way to die for one’s country! Well, he didn’t die that way, though the uninspired cantata was forever laid to rest. But Grieg had a surprise. Four months later in March, 1885, he conducted the premiere in Bergen of a suite of pieces entitled Aus Holbergs Zeit ("From Holberg’s Time.") Grieg had written the suite for piano the previous summer as his personal tribute to Holberg (before being asked to write the cantata.) With the orchestration, he produced one of his greatest works, full of strength and gentility, playfulness and meditation. Grieg chose the musical language of the 18th Century, the era of Holberg, a type of French suite consisting of a Prelude, Sarabande, Gavotte/Musette, Air, and Rigaudon. The exhilarating pulsing sounds of the Prelude quickly set an upbeat mood. The following Sarabande provides a long lyrical line that masks the innate three-quarter time of this dance form. With the Gavotte, the formality of court ballrooms emerges, but the internal Musette brings a folk-song quality in contrast. The Air that follows, one of Grieg’s most beautiful creations, is marked "Andante Religioso." Here, as in the Sarabande, Grieg puts more emphasis on the deeper strings. In the concluding Rigaudon, the Norwegian peasant fiddler emerges, a tribute to the folk violinists of Grieg’s beloved country. It is as if Grieg musically honored his fellow Bergenite, Ole Bull, a man who championed the young Grieg. |
| Giuseppe Saverio Mercadante (1795-1870) | Concerto for Flute and Strings in E Minor, Op. 57 |
Time for a quiz. In the opera-crazy world of Italy in the 1840s, who was the most-respected figure? A) Rossini; B) Bellini; C) Donizetti; D) Verdi; E) None of these. Well, if you chose the last answer ("E"), you were right. The operatic winner for that era (but no longer champion) is Mercadante, composer of sixty operas. Born on the Adriatic near Bari, Mercadante studied in Naples, his principal site of operation throughout life. His initial years emphasized orchestral works; his mature years dealt almost exclusively with operas. He composed both for Italian opera houses as well as those of Spain and Vienna. How, you might ask, can someone who wrote sixty operas and reached such a respected pinnacle in opera-loving Italy disappear into the stage dust behind La Scala? The answer? His operas, some immensely successful in their time, really provided the transition from Rossini and Bellini to the genius of Verdi. From a distance, one can be cynical of the forgotten Mercadante as the following critic was in 1889: In Italy he was long regarded as the most learned of contemporary Italian composers, an estimation which shows quite sufficiently the low condition of musical learning in Italy at the time. However, musicologists do give him credit for bringing the importance of a vital libretto to opera as well as emphasizing the brass in the opera orchestra, something Verdi very much adopted. Mercadante had written six flute concertos by the age of twenty-four. Of those, the E Minor concerto is now one of the few compositions by which he is remembered. The concerto is lengthy (the first movement in length is equal to the entire Vivaldi concerto on today’s program) and varied in musical structure. There is real musical "meat" here. The beginning movement, Allegro Maestoso, provides a lengthy introduction of the two principal themes that the flute and orchestra then treat in sonata form. The themes are notable for their contrast, the first utilizes a forceful ascending phrase, the second is Mozartean in its "singability." The second movement, Largo, gives the flute another beautiful melody, another opportunity to be lyrical. With the third movement, Rondo Russo, Mercadante provides an emphatic rhythm in a mode he claims to be Russian-like. No matter what the folk emphasis here (Isn’t it more like a classical "polka"?), the movement is stirring with the flute both dancing with partners (the strings) or simply encircling the on-going melodies. |
| Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) | Concerto for Flute and Strings in G Minor Opus 10 |
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1) Largo; 2) Presto ("Fantasmi"); 3) Largo; 4) Presto; 5) Largo ("Il Sonno"); 6) Allegro If there is one word to describe most of Vivaldi’s music, it’s "lively." Not that he didn’t write non-lively music for, after all, he championed the fast-slow-fast structure of concertos. And did he write concertos: Nearly four hundred! For years he was the musical director of La Pieta, a Venetian institution for orphaned girls whose orchestra became famous beyond the barcarollian waters, and whose weekly concerts demanded new music. Though some of these concertos were published in his lifetime (including the six flute concertos of Opus 10), most remained in darkened chambers only to be found years after his death. Vivaldi was one of the first composers to give programattic names to some of his compositions. To the flute concerto, Opus 10, #2, he gave the name La Notte (The Night). Its structure is unusual, being in six short movements (instead of the usual three), a sort-of fantasia about episodes in a night. The slow-fast alternations of the pieces provides the flutist with many challenges from the vigor of the second movement entitled "Fantasmi" ("The goblins will get you if you don’t watch out!") to the lulling strains of the fifth movement "Il sonno," (Ah, sleep at last!) Overall, it’s a short night. |
| Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-1975) | Chamber Symphony, Opus 110a |
1. Largo 2. Allegro molto 3. Allegretto 4. Largo Dmitri Shostakovich, educated to the piano at home by his mother, suffered through the early years of the Russian Revolution, studied under Glazanouv at the Leningrad Conservatory, and often found poverty staring him in the face. His symphonies and operas ran a roller-coaster of approval and disapproval from Stalin and his newspaper mouthpiece, Pravda. That Shostakovich loved Mother Russia, there can be no doubt, but he suffered for his genius. In 1960, he wrote his String Quartet No. 8; his heart and soul filled this musical autobiography. Shostakovich knew the violist Rudolph Barshai as a member of the famed Borodin String Quartet in Moscow. According to Erik Smith: "The Borodin Quartet played this work (String Quartet #8) to the composer at his Moscow home, hoping for his criticisms. But Shostakovich, overwhelmed by this beautiful realization of his most personal feelings, buried his head in his hands and wept. When they had finished playing, the four musicians quietly packed up their instruments and stole out of the room." Barshai, when he founded the now-famed Moscow Chamber Orchestra, faced the problem of a meager modern repertoire for chamber orchestras. Deciding to help his own cause, he gained the blessing of Shostakovich to arrange the String Quartet No. 8 into a chamber symphony. The Quartet is Opus 110; The Chamber Symphony is Opus 110a. As life is an unbroken tapestry from birth to death, so is Shostakovich's autobiographical composition seamless; no separation occurs between the movements. The personal building blocks are many. The first movement and portions throughout are constructed on Shostakovich's musical four note signature: D, E flat, C, B natural. In Russian and German "E Flat" is "Es" (pronounced "S") and "B Natural" is "H" in German musical notation. The four notes thus are DSCH, four key letters of his name when spelled in the traditional manner with a "c": Schostakovich. From the somber beginnings of the four-note theme in the first movement, Shostakovich moves directly and brashly into the second movement with a pulsating theme of a Jewish folk-song from his piano trio. (In his memoirs Testimony, Shostakovich details his kinship with the seemingly eternal difficulties of the Jewish people.) A satirical waltz pervades the third movement in harsh, gypsy-like fashion. The graphic fourth movement, the longest of the quartet, begins with what has been described as the drone of airplanes and the sharp crackling of gunfire. (Shostakovich composed the quartet in 1960 in Dresden, a city singularly destroyed in World War II from the air.) Between the staccato repetitions of gunfire, Shostakovich introduces themes from past compositions, none more meaningfully than the cello's soulful tune from Lady MacBeth of Mtsensk. This opera first gained wide Russian acceptance when written in 1934, but then in 1936 the Stalinist press launched an attack upon him for his "Chaos instead of Music" especially reacting to Lady MacBeth. The choice of this theme clearly epitomizes the "slings and arrows of outrageous [political] fortune" he suffered. After the final burst of warfare, the quartet in its final movement returns to the theme of Shostakovich's musical signature and ends on a sigh of resignation. |
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The International Sejong Soloists, a conductor-less string ensemble, formed in 1995 in New York City and remains based there. Its Music Director is Jyo Kang, a renowned professor of violin at the Juilliard School. The group's members hail from seven different nations (Australia, China, Germany, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and the U.S.) and each has a distinguished reputation as a soloist and chamber musician, as confirmed by prize-winning performances at many prestigious international competitions. Together, the musicians met with immediate success, and they gave over 70 concerts throughout the United States and the Far East in the ensemble's first three years. They have performed at Lincoln Center's Alice Tully Hall and at the Aspen Music Festival, where they were appointed Ensemble-in-Residence. They also have been featured regularly on National Public Radio’s "Performance Today," and they have recorded on the Samsung Classics Label. During the 1998-99 season, the group appeared in Aspen, in the Rising Star series at Ravinia, at the Metropolitan Museum of Arts in New York, the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., and in re-engagements at Merkin Concert Hall and the 92nd Street Y in New York. They also toured Europe and Asia. The International Sejong Soloists are sponsored by the Samsung Foundation of Culture, which also loans several instruments to the players: a Guarnerius del Gesu violin (Cremona, 1725); an Antonio Stradivarius violin (also Cremona, 1708); a Gasparo da Salo viola, (Brescia, circa 1590), and a Matteo Goffriller cello (Venice, circa 1715.) |
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Praised as "one of the finest flutists of our time," distinguished concert and recording artist Eugenia Zukerman is renowed worldwide for her elegant sound, artistic phrasing, brilliant agility and graceful stage presence. A versatile artist, Ms Zukerman performs with orchestras, in solo and duo recitals, and in chamber music ensembles on a regular basis. For over 25 years, she has performed in North America, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, appearing with many of the world’s best-known orchestras and symphonies. Her solo recital appearances also are numerous, and she has collaborated with such artists as Yo-Yo Ma, Emanuel Ax, harpsichordist Anthony Newman, the Shanghai Quartet, and the actress Claire Bloom. Ms Zukerman is respected for innovative programming as well as for her distinguished performances. She has been a well-known guest on the festival circuit, appearing in the Aspen, Angel-Fire, Mostly Mozart and OK Mozart festivals. She also has been heard at Tanglewood, Ravinia, and Spoleto, among others. During the 1999-2000 season, Ms Zukerman can be heard in the New York area at the New York Public Library, at the Tisch Center for the Arts at the 92nd Street Y, at Merkin Hall, and in concerts with keyboardist Anthony Newman and Andy Simionescu. This fall she will tour the country with the International Sejong Soloists and make solo appearances in Corpus Christi, Augusta, Chattanooga, and Maryland. She will share the stage with Mr Newman in several perforrmances, and also with harpist Yolanda Kondonassis, the Shanghai Quartet and the Linear Trio. Ms Zukerman currently records for the Delos label; previous recordings have been made for CBS Masterworoks, Pro Arte, Vox Cum Laude and Newport Classics. Music is but one part of Ms Zukerman’s active life: she also enjoys successful careers as an author and television commentator. She has been the arts correspondent for "CBS Sunday Morning" since 1980 and has prepared over 300 artist profiles in her 19 years on the program. She also has made guest appearances on numerous television programs. As a writer, Ms Zukerman has been published in many periodicals, including The New York Times, The Washington Post, Esquire and Vogue. She has had three screenplays purchased and has published two novels, in addition to co-authoring a non-fiction work. A native of Cambridge, Massachusetts, Eugenia Zukerman entered Barnard College as an English major but soon transferred to The Juilliard School. She won the Young Concert Artists award and made her formal New York debut in 1971. |